Korean Grammar: The Basics for Beginners

Whether you’re aiming to watch K-dramas without subtitles, connect with Korean friends, or explore Korean culture, understanding the basics of Korean grammar is essential.

This comprehensive guide covers the fundamentals of Korean grammar in a way that’s easy to grasp for beginners. Let’s dive in.

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• Sentence Structure
• Conjugating Verbs in Korean
  • Present Tense
  • Past Tense
  • Future Tense
• Politeness Levels
• Particles
• Counters
• Asking Questions
• Negation Words
• Adjectives
• Nouns
• Pronouns
• Adverbs
• FAQs

Sentence Structure: Subject-Object-Verb (SOV)

One of the fundamental differences between Korean and English lies in sentence structure. While English follows a Subject-Verb-Object (SVO) format, Korean uses a Subject-Object-Verb (SOV) structure.

For example, in English we would say:

I eat an apple.

Broken down:

I (subject) – eat (verb) – an apple (object).

In Korean, this becomes:

I (subject) – an apple (object) – eat (verb)

저는 사과를 먹어요. (jeoneun sagwareul meogeoyo)

Broken down simply:

• 저는 (jeoneun) = I (subject) + topic marker
• 사과를 (sagwareul) = apple (object) + object marker
• 먹어요 (meogeoyo) = eat (verb)

Understanding this structure is crucial as it forms the backbone of constructing sentences in Korean. Regardless of tense or politeness level, the verb always comes at the end of the sentence.

Conjugating Korean Verbs: Present, Past, and Future Tense

In its original form, each verb includes the verb stem + 다 (da).

Take 가다 (gada) as an example, which we included in our basic Korean vocabulary lesson.

As you can see, the verb stem is 가, and 다 is attached.

In order to conjugate the verb, we must always remove 다 first before adding the correct ending. The ending you choose depends on several factors, including:

• Whether you’re conjugating the verb into the present, past or future tense
• Who you’re speaking to and which politeness level you need to use (we’ll cover the most common informal polite level first, which is fine to use with most people)
• Whether the final syllable of the verb ends in an 아 or an 오, or it ends in another vowel

Note that there are irregular verbs which are conjugated differently. We’ll cover these in a separate lesson.

Present Tense

The present tense indicates actions that are happening now.

In order to conjugate verbs into the present tense, you must figure out what the final vowel used in the word is as this will help you understand how to conjugate it.

Rules

• If the verb stem ends in ㅏ (a) or ㅗ (o), add -아요 (-ayo).
• Even if the verb stem ends in a consonant, if the final vowel is ㅏ(a) or ㅗ (o), add -아요 (ayo).
• If the verb ends in ㅏ (a) and doesn’t include a consonant afterwards, you don’t need to add another 아 (a). Instead, just add 요 (yo) to the end.
• If the verb ends in ㅗ (o) and doesn’t include a consonant afterwards, you can add the ㅏ (a) directly to the same syllabic block. Then place 요 (yo) at the end.
• For other vowels, add -어요 (-eoyo).
• If the verb ends in 하다 (hada), remove the 다 and replace 하 with 해요 (haeyo).

Examples

가다 (gada) = to go → 가요 (gayo) = I go

살다 (salda) = to live -> 살아요 (salayo) = I live

오다 (oda) = to come -> 와요 (wayo) = I come

먹다 (meokda) = to eat → 먹어요 (meogeoyo) = I eat

공부하다 (gongbuhada) = to study → 공부해요 (gongbuhaeyo) = I study

Test Yourself!

How would you conjugate these verbs to the present tense?

1. 보다 (boda) – to see, to look
2. 있다 (itda) – to be, to exist
3. 자다 (jada) – to sleep
4. 없다 (eopta) – to not be, to not exist

Past Tense

The past tense describes actions that have already occurred. The rules are fairly similar to the present tense rules, except you add an extra part to tell the listener you’re speaking about the past.

Rules

• If the verb stem ends in ㅏ (a) or ㅗ (o), add -았어요 (-asseoyo).
• Even if the verb stem ends in a consonant, if the final vowel is ㅏ(a) or ㅗ (o), add -았어요 (asseoyo).
• If the verb ends in ㅏ (a) and doesn’t include a consonant afterwards, you don’t need to add another 아 (a). Instead, just add -ㅆ어요 (-sseoyo) to the end.
• If the verb ends in ㅗ (o) and doesn’t include a consonant afterwards, you can add the -았어요 (asseoyo) directly to the same syllabic block.
• For other vowels, add -었어요 (-eosseoyo).
• If the verb ends with 하다 (hada), remove the 다 and replace the 하 with 했어요 (haesseoyo).

Examples

가다 (gada) = to go → 갔어요 (gasseoyo) = I went

살다 (salda) = to live -> 살았어요 (salayo) = I lived

오다 (oda) = to come -> 왔어요 (wayo) = I came

먹다 (meokda) = to eat → 먹었어요 (meogeosseoyo) = I ate

공부하다 (gongbuhada) = to study → 공부했어요 (gongbuhaesseoyo) = I studied

Test Yourself!

How would you conjugate these verbs to the past tense?

1. 보다 (boda) – to see, to look
2. 있다 (itda) – to be, to exist
3. 자다 (jada) – to sleep
4. 없다 (eopta) – to not be, to not exist

Future Tense

The future tense indicates actions that will happen in the future.

Rules

• If the verb stem ends in a vowel, add -ㄹ 거예요 (-l geoyeyo).
• If it ends in a consonant, add -을 거예요 (-eul geoyeyo).
• If the verb ends in 하다 (hada), add 할 거예요 (-hal heoyeyo).
• If the verb already ends in ㄹ (l/r), add – 거예요 (- geoyeyo).

Examples

가다 (gada) = to go → 갈 거예요 (gal geoyeyo) = I will go

살다 (salda) = to live -> 살 거예요 (salayo) = I will live

오다 (oda) = to come -> 올 거예요 (wayo) = I will come

먹다 (meokda) = to eat → 먹을 거예요 (meogeul geoyeyo) = I will eat

공부하다 (gongbuhada) = to study → 공부할 거예요 (gongbuhal geoyeyo) = I will study

Test Yourself!

How would you conjugate these verbs to the future tense?

1. 보다 (boda) – to see, to look
2. 있다 (itda) – to be, to exist
3. 자다 (jada) – to sleep
4. 없다 (eopta) – to not be, to not exist

Korean Conjugation Summary Table

Tense	Ending Type	Verb Stem Ending in ㅏ/ㅗ	Other Verb Stems	Ending for 하다 Verbs
Present	-아요 / -어요	-아요 (-ayo)	-어요 (-eoyo)	-해요 (-haeyo)
Past	-았어요 / -었어요	-았어요 (-asseoyo)	-었어요 (-eosseoyo)	-했어요 (-haesseoyo)
Future	-ㄹ 거예요 / -을 거예요	-ㄹ 거예요 (-l geoyeyo)	-을 거예요 (-eul geoyeyo)	-할 거예요 (-hal geoyeyo)

Politeness Levels in Korean

Korean language incorporates various politeness levels, which affects verb conjugations and the vocabulary you use. Using the appropriate level shows respect and understanding of social hierarchies.

We already covered informal polite Korean (존댓말 – jondaetmal) and how to conjugate verbs in this way. This is the most common form and is used in everyday conversations with strangers, acquaintances, and colleagues in professional settings. It adds a level of respect without being overly formal. Let’s take a closer look at a couple of other politeness levels you can use.

Informal (반말 – banmal)

반말 (banmal) is direct and casual and is therefore only used with close friends, younger people, or children. Be careful about using this form with strangers as it can be considered rude. It’s usually better to use 존댓말 (jondaetmal) which we covered first (i.e. the version where sentences ending in 요).

Rules

• When conjugating into the past or present tense, all you need to do is drop the 요 (yo) you would usually add at the end when using 존댓말 (jondaetmal).
• When conjugating into the future tense, change ㄹ/을 거예요 (l/eul geoyeyo) to ㄹ/을 거야 (l/eul keoya).

Examples

Present tense:

• 가다 (gada) = to go → 가 (ga) = go
• 살다 (salda) = to live -> 살아 (sala) = live
• 오다 (oda) = to come -> 와 (wa) = come
• 먹다 (meokda) = to eat → 먹어 (meogeo) = eat
• 공부하다 (gongbuhada) = to study → 공부해 (gongbuhae) = study

Past tense:

• 가다 (gada) = to go → 갔어 (gasseo) = I went
• 살다 (salda) = to live -> 살았어 (salasseo) = I lived
• 오다 (oda) = to come -> 왔어 (wasseo) = I came
• 먹다 (meokda) = to eat → 먹었어 (meogeosseo) = I ate
• 공부하다 (gongbuhada) = to study → 공부했어 (gongbuhaesseo) = I studied

Future tense:

• 가다 (gada) = to go → 갈 거야 (gal geoya) = I will go
• 살다 (salda) = to live -> 살 거야 (sal geoya) = I will live
• 오다 (oda) = to come -> 올 거야 (ol geoya) = I will come
• 먹다 (meokda) = to eat → 먹을 거야 (meogeul geoya) = I will eat
• 공부하다 (gongbuhada) = to study → 공부할 거야 (gongbuhal geoya) = I will study

Test Yourself!

Using the verbs from the previous exercises, conjugate them into past, present and future tense in informal Korean.

Honorific (높임말 – nopimmal)

높임말 (nopimmal) shows high respect and is often used when talking about or to elders, superiors, or in formal situations. This speech level can be a little trickier to use as it incorporates honorific markers and specific verb, noun and particle forms.

It’s important to also note that the specific verb, noun and particle forms can also be used with other speech politeness levels. Take, for example, two friends who usually speak 반말 (banmal) to one another. If one friend asks after the other friend’s mother or father, they could still use the honorific verb and particle forms to refer to their friend’s parents while still talking 반말 to their friend.

This is because, they want to convey respect to their friend’s parents, but they are close enough to their friend to use casual speech levels.

Don’t worry too much about this for now though; we’ll cover it in more detail in a later lesson.

Rules

• When conjugating into the present tense, add ㅂ니다 (mnida) to verb stems ending in a vowel (i.e. those with no 받침; batchim/final ending consonant). This includes 하다 (hada) verbs.
• If the verb ends in a final consonant, add 습니다 (seumnida) to the verb stem.
• There are irregular verbs for this form: if the verb stem ends in ㄹ (l/r), remove the ㄹand add ㅂ니다.

Examples

• 가다 (gada) = to go → 갑니다 (gamnida) = go
• 살다 (salda) = to live -> 삽니다 (samnida) = live
• 오다 (oda) = to come -> 옵니다 (omnida) = come
• 먹다 (meokda) = to eat → 먹습니다 (meoseumnida) = eat
• 공부하다 (gongbuhada) = to study → 공부합니다 (gongbuhamnida) = study

Test Yourself!

Using the verbs from the previous exercises, conjugate them into present tense in formal Korean.

Korean Sentence Ending Summary Table

Politeness Level	Korean Term	When to Use	Example (to eat)
Informal	반말 (banmal)	With close friends, younger people	가 (ga)
Polite	존댓말 (jondaetmal)	Everyday conversations, strangers	가요 (gayo)
Honorific	높임말 (nopimmal)	Respectful or formal situations	가습니다 (gaseumnida)

Essential Korean Particles

Particles in Korean are small words attached to nouns to indicate their grammatical roles within a sentence. Particles clarify the roles of words in a sentence, making the meaning clear even when using Korean’s flexible word order. Without particles, understanding who is doing what to whom can be be challenging. Learn about Korean particles in more depth here.

The most common particles are:

Subject Markers: 이/가 (i/ga)

이/가 (i/ga) is used to indicate the subject of the sentence.

Rules

• 이 (i): Used after nouns ending in a consonant.
• 가 (ga): Used after nouns ending in a vowel.

Examples

• 사람 (saram) = person → 사람이 왔어요. (saram-i wasseoyo) = The person came.
• 학교 (hakgyo) = school → 학교가 커요. (hakgyo-ga keoyo) = The school is big.

Object Markers: 을/를 (eul/reul)

을/를 (eul/reul) is used to indicate the object of the sentence.

Rules

• 을 (eul): Used after nouns ending in a consonant.
• 를 (reul): Used after nouns ending in a vowel.

Examples

• 책 (chaek) = book → 책을 읽어요. (chaek-eul ilgeoyo) = I read a book.
• 사과 (sagwa) = apple → 사과를 먹어요. (sagwa-reul meogeoyo) = I eat an apple.

Topic Markers: 은/는 (eun/neun)

은/는 (eun/neun) are used to highlight the topic of the sentence, often translating to “as for.”

Rules

• 은 (eun): Used after nouns ending in a consonant.
• 는 (neun): Used after nouns ending in a vowel.

Examples

• 저 (jeo) = I → 저는 학생이에요. (jeo-neun haksaeng-ieyo) = As for me, I am a student.
• 오늘 (oneul) = today → 오늘은 날씨가 좋아요. (oneul-eun nalssi-ga johayo) = As for today, the weather is good.

Plurals

Unlike English, Korean doesn’t always require plural forms for nouns if the meaning is easy to understand from context. However, plurals can be indicated using a specific suffix:

• -들 (-deul)

Example

• 사람 (saram) = person → 사람들 (saramdeul) = people

Possessive Form

To express possession, add 의 (ui) after the possessor.

Example:

• 제 친구의 책 (je chingu-ui chaek) = My friend’s book

Counters in Korean

Counters are used to count nouns and vary based on the type of object being counted. Here are some common counters. You can learn about them in more depth in our counter guide.

Counter	Usage	Example
개 (gae)	General objects	한 개 (han gae) = one thing
명 (myeong)	People	두 명 (du myeong) = two people
마리 (mari)	Animals	세 마리 (se mari) = three animals
권 (gwon)	Books, volumes	네 권 (ne gwon) = four books
대 (dae)	Machines, vehicles	다섯 대 (daseot dae) = five cars
잔 (jan)	Cups, glasses	여섯 잔 (yeoseot jan) = six cups
시간 (sigan)	Hours	일곱 시간 (ilgop sigan) = seven hours
분 (bun)	Minutes	여덟 분 (yeolbe bun) = eight minutes

Using Counters

When counting in Korean, you specify the object you’re talking about before the number, then the counter follows the number. Essentially, you use this format:

Item – Number – Korean counter

Example

• 사과 (sagwa) = apple → 사과 두 개 (sagwa du gae) = two apples
• 학생 (haksaeng) = student → 학생 세 명 (haksaeng se myeong) = three students

Forming Questions

Questions in Korean can be formed in many different ways in Korean. The easiest way to ask a question is to change your intonation. Like in English, you can use a rising tone at the end of a question to turn it into a question.

For example, if you wanted to say “Did you eat an apple?”, you can simply say “사과를 먹었어요?” (sagwa-reul meogeosseoyo?) with a rising intonation at the end.

You can also use question words in Korean:

• 무엇 (mueot) – What
• 어디 (eodi) – Where
• 언제 (eonje) – When
• 왜 (wae) – Why
• 누구 (nugu)/누가 (nuga) – Who (누구 is used when it’s the object of the sentence, 누가 is used when it’s the subject of the sentence)

Examples

• 무엇을 먹어요? (mueos-eul meogeoyo?) – “What do you eat?”
• 어디에 가요? (eodi-e gayo?) – “Where are you going?”
• 언제 왔어요? (eonjae wasseoyo?) – “When did you come/when did you arrive?”
• 독서를 왜 좋아해요? (dokseo-reul wae johahaeyo?) – “Why do you like reading books?”
• 어제 누구를 만났어요? (eoje nugu-reul mannasseoyo?) – “Who did you meet yesterday?”
• 누가 이겼어요? (nuga igyeosseoyo?) – “Who won?”

Negation Words In Korean

Negation in Korean can be done in a couple of ways:

Saying “Do Not” In Korean

• 안 (an): Placed before the verb to make it negative.
  • Example: 고기를 안 먹어요 (gogi-reul an meogeoyo) – “I do not eat meat.”
• -지 않다 (ji anhta): Added to the end of the verb to make it negative.
  • Example: 빵을 먹지 않아요 (bbang-eul meokji anayo) – “I do not eat bread.”

Saying “Can’t” In Korean

• 못 (mot): Placed before the verb to make it negative.
  • Example: 고기를 못 먹어요 (gogi-reul mot meogeoyo) – “I can’t eat meat.”
• -지 못하다 (ji mothada): Added to the end of the verb to make it negative.
  • Example: 빵을 먹지 못해요 (bbang-eul meokji mothaeyo) – “I can’t eat bread.”

Korean Adjectives

In Korean, adjectives are conjugated like verbs. They describe states or qualities and are conjugated based on tense and politeness, as above.

Note that there are irregular adjectives which are conjugated differently. We’ll cover these in a separate lesson.

Examples:

예쁘다 (yeppeuda) = to be pretty

• Present Tense: 예뻐요 (yeppeoyo) = is pretty
• Past Tense: 예뻤어요 (yeppeosseoyo) = was pretty

크다 (keuda) = to be big

• Present Tense: 커요 (keoyo) = is big
• Past Tense: 컸어요 (keosseoyo) = was big

Usage in Sentences

• 오늘 날씨가 좋아요. (Oneul nalssiga johayo.) = The weather is good today.
• 그 영화는 재미있었어요. (Geu yeonghwaneun jaemiisseosseoyo.) = That movie was interesting.

Important Notes

• Adjectives can also function as verbs in Korean, meaning they require conjugation to fit into sentences properly.
• Predicate Position: When an adjective describes the subject, it typically comes before the verb in predicate position.

Korean Nouns

Korean nouns are straightforward as they do not change based on gender, number, or case. However, context and particles help clarify their roles within sentences.

Nouns can function as subjects, objects, or topics depending on the particles attached.

Characteristics of Korean Nouns

• No Gender: Nouns do not change form based on gender. (e.g. 친구 (chingu) = friend (can refer to any gender))
• No Plural Forms (Generally): Plurals are often inferred from context or indicated with -들 (-deul). (e.g. 책 (chaek) = book → 책들 (chaekdeul) = books)
• No Articles: Unlike English, Korean does not generally use articles like “a,” “an,” or “the.”

Common Nouns

Korean (Hangeul)	Romanization	English Translation
사람	saram	person
학교	hakgyo	school
책	chaek	book
사과	sagwa	apple
집	jib	house
친구	chingu	friend
시간	sigan	time/hour
음식	eumsik	food

Compound Nouns

Korean often combines two or more nouns to create compound nouns. These are used to express more specific and complex ideas.

Example:

• 자동차 (jadongcha) = 자동 (jadong; self-moving, automatic) + 차 (cha) = car
  Together, this literally means “self-moving vehicle” and means automobile or motor car. 차 by itself is a lot more informal.

Korean Pronouns

Pronouns in Korean vary based on formality and context. Unlike English, Korean pronouns often reflect the speaker’s relationship with the listener. Here are some common Korean pronouns:

English	Korean (Informal)	Korean (Formal)
I / Me	나 (na)	저 (jeo)
You	너 (neo)	당신 (dangsin)
He	그 (geu)	그분 (geubun)
She	그녀 (geunyeo)	그녀분 (geunyeobun)
We	우리 (uri)	저희 (jeohui)
They	그들 (geudeul)	그분들 (geudeul)

Usage Guidelines

I / Me:

• 나 (na): Used among friends or in informal settings.
• 저 (jeo): Used in formal settings or when showing respect.

You:

Please refer to the lesson on how to say “you” in Korean as using the word “you” is fairly nuanced in Korean.

• 너 (neo): Informal, used with close friends or younger people.
• 당신 (dangsin): Formal, but can be impolite if used incorrectly; often replaced with the person’s name, title or a word to describe your relationship with them.

He / She:

Generally, Koreans only use “he” or “she” in written language. When speaking, it’s best to use the person’s name or title to refer to them.

• 그 (geu) / 그녀 (geunyeo): Can be used in written Korean.

We:

• 우리 (uri): Commonly used to mean “we” or “our,” can also be used to refer to someone you know (e.g. 우리 남편 (uri nampyeon) literally translates to “our husband”, but can be used to refer to your own husband).
• 저희 (jeohui): This word also means “we” or “our”. It’s used when you’re being humble about yourself and the group you’re referring to. The implication is that you’re placing the listener on a higher level compared to yourself and the group you’re referring to.

Korean Adverbs

Adverbs in Korean modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs, providing more detail about how, when, where, or to what extent something happens. Here are some common adverbs that are used in Korean.

Korean (Hangeul)	Romanization	English Translation
빨리	ppalli	quickly
천천히	cheoncheonhi	slowly
많이	mani	a lot, much
조금	jogeum	a little
항상	hangsang	always
가끔	gakkeum	sometimes

Usage in Sentences

Adverbs are typically placed right before the verb or adjective they modify or earlier in the sentence. When you place the adverb right before the verb or adjective, this places more emphasis on it.

Examples:

• 그는 빨리 달려요. (Geuneun ppalli dallyeoyo.) = He runs quickly.
• 저는 천천히 먹어요. (Jeoneun cheoncheonhi meogeoyo.) = I eat slowly.
• 그녀는 많이 공부해요. (Geunyeoneun mani gongbuhaeyo.) = She studies a lot.
• 저는 항상 커피를 마셔요. (Jeoneun hangsang keopireul masyeoyo.) = I always drink coffee.

Forming Adverbs from Adjectives

Many Korean adverbs are formed by adding -게 (-ge) to the adjective stem.

Example:

• 빠르다 (ppareuda) = fast → 빠르게 (ppareuge) = quickly

11. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

How Hard is Korean Grammar?

Korean grammar is fairly challenging, especially for English speakers, as it has quite a different structure compared to other European languages.

However, with consistent practice and a structured learning approach, you can still master Korean grammar. Many learners find that once they understand the foundational rules, the patterns become more predictable and easier to apply.

Is Korean Grammar Similar to Japanese?

Yes, Korean and Japanese grammar share several similarities. If you’re familiar with Japanese, it’s likely that learning Korean grammar will be easier for you.

Both languages follow the Subject-Object-Verb (SOV) structure, use particles to indicate grammatical roles, have varying levels of politeness, and use honorifics and verb conjugations based on formality.

However, despite these similarities, there are distinct differences in vocabulary, pronunciation, and specific grammatical rules. Because of their similarities, learning both languages can actually be more confusing than learning one.

How Do I Learn Korean Grammar?

1. Start with the Basics: Learn the SOV sentence structure, essential particles, and basic verb conjugations.
2. Use Structured Resources: Grammar reference books like “Korean Grammar In Use” or online platforms like Learn Korean for Free offer comprehensive lessons.
3. Practice Regularly: Consistent practice through writing, speaking, and listening helps reinforce grammatical concepts.
4. Engage with Native Content: Immersing yourself in Korean can help you gain an intuitive understanding of Korean grammar. Things like watching Korean dramas and variety shows can help with this.
5. Take Classes or Hire a Tutor: Formal instruction provides structured learning and immediate feedback, which is key to preventing you from internalizing any mistakes. Online lessons through italki or another platform can help with this even if you don’t know any native Koreans in your area.
6. Use Language Apps: Apps can help you memorize grammar rules and vocabulary.

How Many Grammar Rules are There in Korean?

There are hundreds of Korean grammar rules that cover sentence structure, verb conjugations, particle usage, honorifics, and more. But don’t let that deter you from learning Korean! Like with many things, not all those grammar rules are used often in Korean, so you can get away with learning much less.

How to Practice Korean Grammar?

1. Write Regularly: Compose sentences or short paragraphs using new grammar rules.
2. Use Language Exchange Platforms: Websites like Tandem or HelloTalk connect you with Korean speakers so you can put your learnings into practice.
3. Do Exercises: Work through grammar exercises in textbooks or online resources.
4. Listen and Repeat: Mimic native speakers by listening to Korean media and repeating phrases.
5. Join Study Groups: Collaborate with others to practice and reinforce grammar concepts.

How Do I Say “Grammar” in Korean?

“Grammar” in Korean is 문법 (munbeop).

Example Sentence:

• 한국어 문법을 공부해요. (Hangugeo munbeopeul gongbuhaeyo.) = I study Korean grammar.

How Long Does It Take to Learn Korean Grammar?

As there are so many grammatical structures in Korean, this really depends on how deep you want to go.

That being said, if you’re consistent with your studies, achieving a basic understanding of Korean grammar can take three to six months, reaching intermediate proficiency could take one or two years, and advanced mastery could take several years of continuous learning and practice.

Don’t let that discourage you though; if you break this into smaller goals, this can help you achieve what you want.

Is Korean Grammar Similar to English?

No, Korean grammar is vastly different to English. But thankfully there are loads of English speakers who have managed to learn Korean grammar to a high proficiency, so don’t let that put you off.

Start Practicing Now

The key to learning basic Korean grammar is to start putting what you learn into practice as soon as possible. Start by forming simple sentences and the rest will grow from there. Feel free to add your simple sentences to the comments section for feedback!